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Here is a non-inverting op-amp integrator circuit (from https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/analog-integrated-circuits/op-amp-integrator/non-inverting-integrator/) Here is an inverting op-amp integrator circuit (from https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html) The non-inverting integrator circuit has several disadvantages compared to the inverting integrator, primarily due to differences in design, stability, and performance characteristics. Here’s a structured breakdown of the key disadvantages: 1. Complex Design and Stability Issues 2.…

Berikut ini beberapa contoh sensor analog yang harganya lumayan murah untuk percobaan sistem instrumentasi: Mikrofon Analog Thermistor / NTC Thermistor / NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) RTD PT100 Resistance Temperature Detector tipe PT100. Sensor ini mendeteksi temperatur. Resistansi berubah proporsional terhadap temperatur. Hall effect sensor SS49E Sensor ini mendeteksi medan magnet Referensi: Sensor Arus dengan Hall…

Apache Spark’s PySpark API allows you to write Spark applications in Python, enabling parallel data processing across a cluster. Here’s a simple example of reading data, transforming it, and writing the result, compared to a traditional Python Pandas approach: PySpark Example: Traditional Pandas Example: Key Differences: In essence, PySpark extends Python’s data manipulation capabilities to…

Question: How many hunter-gatherers could the planet support? What number would be the max number of hunter-gatherers the Earth could support The maximum number of hunter-gatherers the Earth could support has been estimated using various ecological and demographic models. These estimates vary depending on factors such as environmental productivity, diet composition, and technological innovations. 17…

The life cycle of various historical empires The life cycle of historical empires often follows a similar pattern: Rise, Expansion, Peak, Decline, and Fall. While each empire is unique, many exhibit common trends influenced by political stability, military strength, economic resources, and external threats. Here’s an overview of the life cycle of various historical empires:…

Analyzing Finite State Machines (FSMs) requires drawing upon several interconnected areas of theoretical computer science. Here’s a breakdown of the key theories and concepts: 1. Automata Theory: This is the core foundational theory. It provides the mathematical framework for understanding FSMs, regular expressions, and formal languages. Key aspects include: 2. Discrete Mathematics: Essential for understanding…

Question: How does the state budget impact the quality of higher education in the USA Answer: The impact of state budgets on the quality of higher education in the U.S. is multifaceted, influencing institutional resources, student outcomes, and systemic inequalities. Below is a detailed analysis of the mechanisms and consequences: 1. Reductions in State Funding…

how to determine sampling rate for digital PID control with ESP32 Answer To determine the appropriate sampling rate for a digital PID controller using an ESP32, consider the following structured approach: By systematically considering these factors, you can determine an effective sampling rate that balances system responsiveness and controller stability while respecting the ESP32’s capabilities.…

Question How to simulate 2nd order system with ESP32. the system has 1 analog input and 1 analog output. Answer To simulate a second-order system using an ESP32 with one analog input and one analog output, follow these steps: Step-by-Step Explanation Example Code Explanation of Code This approach allows real-time simulation of a second-order system…